“Sequence of Events and Facts regarding Cambodia’s unprovoked armed attacks against Thailand”

- Since February 2025, the current tension between Thailand and Cambodia began when Cambodia persistently attempted to provoke and unilaterally claim land boundary along the Thai-Cambodian border. This included digging military trenches in border areas that encroached upon Thai territory, thereby violating Thailand’s sovereignty as well as the Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries on the Survey and Demarcation of Land Boundary (MOU 2000), which prohibits any alterations to the environment within the frontier zone.

- In March 2025, the Cambodian troops set fire to the tripartite coordinating point between Thailand, Cambodia, and the Lao PDR near the three countries’ common border at Chong Bok, Ubonratchathani Province of Thailand.

- On 28 May 2025, an incident occurred along the Thai-Cambodian border. At the time, Thai troops were conducting routine patrols along established routes within Thailand’s territory. In response to unprovoked fire from Cambodian troops into Thai territory, Thai forces were compelled to take proportionate and appropriate measures in self-defence, fully in compliance with international law and established international practices.

- On 16 and 23 July 2025, several Thai military personnel were critically injured by PMN-2 anti-personnel landmines. Upon investigation, it was confirmed that Cambodian forces had laid new mines in many areas of Thai territory. This act constitutes a flagrant violation of the Ottawa Convention, to which both Thailand and Cambodia are States Parties.

- On 24 July 2025, Cambodian forces launched an attack on a Thai military base near Ta Muen Thom Temple, subsequently escalating to full-scale combat with the use of heavy artillery, including BM-21 rockets. In response, Thailand exercised its inherent right to self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter, strictly adhering to the principles of necessity and proportionality, while the Cambodian attack was indiscriminate, resulting in significant civilian casualties and fatalities, and extensive damage to infrastructure, including hospitals, schools, and gas stations. These actions constitute a serious and deliberate breach of international humanitarian law and fundamental human rights principles.

- On 28 July 2025, a Special Meeting was convened in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on 28 July 2025, to address the situation. H.E. Mr. Phumtham Wechayachai, Acting Prime Minister, led the Thai delegation. The meeting was hosted by Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim of Malaysia and attended by Prime Minister Hun Manet of Cambodia, as well as the Ambassadors of the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China to Malaysia. An immediate ceasefire was agreed upon, effective from midnight of 28 July 2025, local time. However, the Cambodian military forces have violated the agreement by continuing indiscriminate attacks on Thai territory after the agreed ceasefire took effect.

- On 29 July 2025, the Thai Foreign Minister sent formal letters to Malaysia, as Chair of ASEAN, the United States of America, and the People’s Republic of China—witnesses to the Special Meeting’s outcomes—informing them of Cambodia’s breach of the ceasefire agreement and lack of sincerity. The Royal Thai Government also issued a statement on this matter.

- On 4 – 7 August 2025, Thailand and Cambodia are currently convening the 16th General Border Committee (GBC) meeting in Malaysia. Thailand remains committed to the peaceful settlement of disputes with Cambodia and reaffirms its readiness to engage through established bilateral mechanisms, particularly the GBC at Defence Ministers level, as well as the upcoming Joint Boundary Commission (JBC) meeting scheduled for early September 2025. These mechanisms are vital platforms for addressing outstanding issues and fostering mutual understanding through dialogue and cooperation.